Journal: NPJ Vaccines
Article Title: Influenza vaccination post-COVID-19 expands vaccine-specific effector CD4 T-cells and Tregs under positive influence of host trained innate immunity
doi: 10.1038/s41541-025-01331-6
Figure Lengend Snippet: A IgG responses against ancestral SARS-CoV-2-spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) monomer and nucleocapsid (N) were measured in plasma ( N = 18) at T0, T1, T2 and T3. The assay cut-off is indicated by the black dotted line (0.4 for S and RBD; 0.8 for N based on pre pandemic samples). B N = 18 PBMC samples were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2-Spike (top) or HCoV-HKU1 virus (bottom). Line graphs represent the frequencies of total effector cytokines (IFNγ OR IL-2 OR TNF) obtained using Boolean gates in FlowJo for CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells. Each line represents a single donor. Statistical significance was determined using Friedman’s test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001, **** P ≤ 0.0001. C Correlation analysis of total effector cytokine + (IFNγ, IL-2, or TNF) T-cell responses to the Fluarix TM Tetra 2022/2023 NH vaccine and their corresponding responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike (pink) and HCoV-HKU1 rhinovirus (blue). Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r) and p value ( p ) are mentioned at the bottom of each graph. p ≤ 0.05 considered as significant. D Correlation matrices were constructed to understand the hierarchy of antibody (blue box) and T-cell responses (red box) against SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-HKU1 and Fluarix TM . Statistical significance was assessed with P values adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) method. Significance levels are represented as follows: * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001.
Article Snippet: After 2 h of rest, cells were either cultured without stimuli (no stimulation background control) or stimulated with the following antigens: Fluarix TM (GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals LTD) diluted 1:100; PepMixTM Influenza A (HA/H1N1/Victoria/2019) (IAV H1N1), PepMixTM Influenza A (HA/H3N2/Darwin/2021) (IBV H3N2), PepMixTM Influenza B (HA/H0N0/Austria/2021) (IBV Austria), PepMixTM Influenza B (HA/H0N0/Phuket/2013) (IBV Phuket), PepMixTM Influenza A (NP/Ann Arbour (H2N2) IBV (NP) (H2N2), all sourced from JPT peptide technologies; PepTivator® SARS-CoV-2 Prot_S, (Miltenyi Biotec); PepMixTM HCoV-HKU1 (Spike Glycoprotein)- (Common cold virus) (JPT peptide technologies).
Techniques: Binding Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Virus, Construct